Determinants of nitrogen use efficiency in coffee crops. A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22267/rcia.223902.183Keywords:
Coffea spp., climate, crop management, crop production, environment, plant nutrition, soilAbstract
World production of coffee (Coffea spp.) has increased in recent decades due to its growing demand. Nitrogen (N) is one of the most required nutrients by coffee crops and in many cases, the most yield-limiting; nevertheless, a high percentage of supplied N is lost, generating pollution, greenhouse gases, and economic losses. Given this scenario, it is a priority to adopt practices that increase nitrogen use efficiency related to the capacity of plants to absorb and use N to produce biomass. This article provides context about NUE and determining factors in coffee: plant, soil, climate, and management. On the plant side, despite advances in genetics and the results of genotype evaluation, it may be a decade or more before improved coffee varieties with high EUN become available or used in world coffee farming. Both the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil and the elements of the climate, mainly temperature, precipitation, and solar radiation, have an influence on coffee growth and many of the processes that intervene in the N cycle and NUE; however, some components of these two factors are not fully controllable. Management of the factors that determine NUE should focus on reducing N losses in the system, increasing its uptake and utilization by plants, and maintaining or increasing productivity.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Amaral, J. F.; Martinez, H. E.; Laviola, B. G.; Filho, E. I.; Cruz, C. D. (2011a). Eficiência de utilização de nutrientes por cultivares de cafeeiro. Ciência Rural. 41(4): 621-629. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782011005000027
Amaral, J. F.; Martinez, H. E.; Laviola, B. G.; Tomaz, M. A.; Filho, E. I.; Cruz, C. D. (2011b). Produtividade e eficiência de uso de nutrientes por cultivares de cafeeiro. Coffee Science. 6(1): 65-74.
Arango, J. G.; Salazar, L. F.; Morales, C. S. (2009). Establecimiento de coberturas vegetales en el cultivo del café. Suelos Ecuatoriales. 32(9): 148-151.
Arias, E.; Sadeghian, S.; Mejía, B.; Morales, C. S. (2009). Lixiviación del nitrógeno en algunos suelos de la zona cafetera y su relación con la textura. Revista Cenicafé. 60(3): 239-252.
Babbar, L. I.; Zak, D. R. (1994). Nitrogen cycling in coffee agroecosystems: net N mineralization and nitrification in the presence and absence of shade trees. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 48: 107-113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(94)90081-7
Babbar, L. I.; Zak, D. R. (1995). Nitrogen loss from coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica: leaching and denitrification in the presence and absence of shade trees. Journal of Environmental Quality. 24: 227-233. doi: https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400020003x
Balasubramanian, V.; Alves, B.; Aulakh, M.; Bekunda, M.; Cai, Z.; Drinkwater, L.; Mugendi, D.; Kessel, C. V.; Oenema, O. (2004). Crop, environmental, and management factors affecting nitrogen use efficiency. In: Mosier, A. R.; Syers, J. K.; Freney, J. R. (eds.). Agriculture and the nitrogen cycle: assessing the impacts of fertilizer use on food production and the environment. pp. 19-33. Washington, USA: Island Press. 344p.
Batabyal, K. (2017). Nutrient management for improving crop soil, and environmental quality. In: Naeem, M.; Ansari, A. A.; Gill, S. S. (eds.). Essential plant nutrients: uptake, use efficiency, and management. pp. 445-464. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 569p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58841-4
Bess, C. (2020). Developments in Midwestern precision conservation. In: Delgado, J. A.; Gantzer, C. J.; Sassenrath, G. F. (eds.). Soil and water conservation: a celebration of 75 years. pp. 286-292. Ankeny, USA: Soil and Water Conservation Society. 331p.
Bhatla, S. C.; Lal, M. A. (2018). Plant physiology, development and metabolism. Singapore: Springer. 1189p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2023-1
Bortolotto, R.; Bruno, I.; Reichardt, K.; Timm, L. C.; Amado, T. J.; Ferreira, A. (2012). Nitrogen fertilizer (15N) leaching in a central pivot fertigated coffee crop. Revista Ceres. 59(4): 466-475. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-737X2012000400006
Bote, A. D.; Ayalew, B.; Ocho, F. L.; Anten, N. P.; Vos, J. (2018a). Analysis of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) performance in relation to radiation level and rate of nitrogen supply I. Vegetative growth, production and distribution of biomass and radiation use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy. 92: 115-122. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.10.007
Bote, A. D.; Zana, Z.; Ocho, F. L.; Vos, J. (2018b). Analysis of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) performance in relation to radiation level and rate of nitrogen supply II. Uptake and distribution of nitrogen, leaf photosynthesis and first bean yields. European Journal of Agronomy. 92: 107-114. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.10.006
Bruulsema, T. W.; Witt, C.; García, F.; Li, S.; Rao, N.; Chen, F.; Ivanova, S. (2008). A global framework for fertilizer BMPs. Better Crops. 92(2): 13-15.
Cannavo, P.; Harmand, J. M.; Zeller, B.; Vaast, P.; Ramírez, J. E.; Dambrine, E. (2013). Low nitrogen use efficiency and high nitrate leaching in a highly fertilized Coffea arabica-Inga densiflora agroforestry system: a 15N labeled fertilizer study. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 95: 377-394. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-013-9571-z
Capa, D.; Pérez-Esteban, J.; Masaguer, A. (2015). Unsustainability of recommended fertilization rates for coffee monoculture due to high N2O emissions. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 35: 1551-1559. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-015-0316-z
Cardona, D. A.; Sadeghian, S. (2005). Caracterización de la fertilidad del suelo en monocultivos de café (Coffea Arabica) y bajo sombrío de guamo (Inga ssp). Colombia Forestal. 9(18): 87-97. doi: https://doi.org/10.14483/udistrital.jour.colomb.for.2005.1.a07
Cardoso, P. M. (2010). Análise biométrica da eficiência nutricional para nitrogênio em café (Coffea arabica L.). Recovered from http://www.sbicafe.ufv.br:80/handle/123456789/8675
Cassman, K. G.; Dobermann, A. R.; Walters, D. T. (2002). Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. Ambio. 31(2): 132-140.
Cenicafé - Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café. (2007). Informe anual Cenicafé 2007. Recuperado de https://doi.org/10.38141/10783/2007
Cenicafé - Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café. (2020). Informe Anual Cenicafé 2020. Recovered from https://doi.org/10.38141/10783/2020
Cenicafé - Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café. (2021). Registros históricos de lluvia. Recovered from https://agroclima.cenicafe.org/web/guest/registros-historicos
Cervellini, G.; Toledo, S.; Reis, A.; Rocha, T. (1986). Nitrogênio na adubação química do cafeeiro: doses e parcelamentos do nitrocálcio. Bragantia. 45(1): 45-55. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0006-87051986000100006
Chagas, W. F.; Guelfi, D.; Caputo, A. L.; Souza, T.; Andrade, A.; Faquin, V. (2016). Ammonia volatilization from blends with stabilized and controlled-released urea in the coffee system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 40(5): 497-509. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016405008916
Colodetti, T. V.; Rodrigues, W.; Martins, L.; Tomaz. M. A. (2014). Differential tolerance between genotypes of conilón coffee (Coffea canephora) to low availability of nitrogen in the soil. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 8(12): 1648-1657.
Dari, B.; Rogers, C. W.; Walsh, O. S. (2019). Understanding factors controlling ammonia volatilization from fertilizer nitrogen applications. University of Idaho Extension Bulletin. 926: 1-4.
Degaspari, I.; Soares, J.; Montezano, Z. F.; Del Grosso, S.; Vitti, A. C.; Rossetto, R.; Cantarella, H. (2020). Nitrogen sources and application rates affect emissions of N2O and NH3 in sugarcane. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 116: 329-344. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-10045-w
Dibb, D. W. (2000). The mysteries (myths) of nutrient use efficiency. Better Crops. 84(3): 3-5.
Dobermann, A. R. (2005). Nitrogen use efficiency – state of the art. In: International Fertilizer Industry Association (Compiler). IFA International Workshop on Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers. pp. 1-16. Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany: International Fertilizer Industry Association.
Dobermann, A. R. (2007). Nutrient use efficiency – measurement and management. In: International Fertilizer Industry Association (ed.). Fertilizer best management practices. pp. 1-28. Brussels, Belgium: International Fertilizer Industry Association. 259p.
Dobermann, A.; Cassman, K. G. (2002). Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production systems of the United States and Asia. Plant and Soil. 247(1): 153-175. doi: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021197525875
Domenach, A. M. (1995). Approche de l'estimation de la fixation symbiotique des arbres par l'utilisation des abondances isotopiques naturelles de l'azote. In: Maillard, P.; Bonhomme, R. (eds.). Utilisation des isotopes stables pour l'etude du fonctionnement des plantes. pp. 159-172. Paris, France: INRA Editions. 360p.
Dominghetti, A. W.; Guelfi, D.; Guimarães, R. J.; Caputo, A. L.; Spehar, C. R.; Faquin, V. (2016). Nitrogen loss by volatilization of nitrogen fertilizers applied to coffee orchard. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 40(2): 173- 183. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016402029615
Engels, C.; Kirkby, E.; White, P. (2012). Mineral nutrition, yield and source–sink relationships. In: Marschner, P. (ed.). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. pp. 85-133. Third Edition. United States of America: Academic Press. 651p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-63043-9
EUNEP - EU Nitrogen Expert Panel. (2015). Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) – an indicator for the utilization of nitrogen in agriculture and food systems. Wageningen, Netherlands: EU Nitrogen Expert Panel. 47p.
Fageria, N. K. (1998). Otimização da eficiência nutricional na produção das culturas. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental. 2(1): 6-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v02n01p6-16
Fageria, N. K. (2014). Nitrogen management in crop production. Boca Raton, USA: CRC Press. 436p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1201/b17101
Fageria, N. K.; Baligar, V. C. (2005). Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advances in Agronomy. 88: 97-185. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(05)88004-6
Farquharson, R. (2016). Nitrification rates and associated nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils - a synopsis. Soil Research. 54(5): 469-480. doi: https://doi.org/10.1071/SR15304
Favarin, J. L.; Tezotto, T.; Neto, A. P.; Pedrosa, A. (2010). Cafeeiro. In: Prochnow, L. I.; Casarin, V.; Stipp, S. R. (eds.) Boas práticas para uso eficiente de fertilizantes. pp. 413-467. Volume three. Piracicaba, Brasil: International Plant Nutrition Institute. 467p.
Fenilli, T. A.; Reichardt, K.; Favarin, J. L.; Bacchi, O.; Silva, A. L.; Timm, L. C. (2008). Fertilizer 15N balance in a coffee cropping system: a case study in Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo. 32(4): 1459-1469. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832008000400010
Filho, O. F.; Malavolta, E. (2003). Studies on mineral nutrition of the coffee plant (Coffea arabica L. cv. Catuaí Vermelho). LXIV. Remobilization and re-utilization of nitrogen and potassium by normal and deficient plants. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 63(3): 481-490. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000300014
Fixen, P. E.; García, F. O. (2006). Effective nutrient management decisions … looking beyond the next harvest. In: Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa (Compiler). Memorias del Congreso de Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa. pp. 1-11. Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina: Asociación Argentina de Productores en Siembra Directa.
Fixen, P. E.; Brentrup, F.; Bruulsema, T.; García, F.; Norton, R.; Zingore, S. (2015). Nutrient/fertilizer use efficiency: measurement, current situation and trends. In: Drechsel, P.; Heffer, P.; Magen, H.; Mikkelsen, R.; Wichelns, D. (eds.) Managing water and fertilizer for sustainable agricultural intensification. pp. 8-38. First edition. Paris, France: IFA, IWMI, IPNI, IPI. 257p.
Gaines, T. P.; Gaines, S. T. (1994). Soil texture effect on nitrate leaching in soil percolates. Communications Soil Science And Plant Analysis. 25(13-14): 2561-2570. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103629409369207
González, H.; Sadeghian, S. (2012a). Lixiviación de nitrógeno en suelos de la zona cafetera a partir de diferentes fuentes fertilizantes. Revista Cenicafé. 63(1): 111-119.
González, H.; Sadeghian, S. (2012b). Volatilización del nitrógeno a partir de diferentes fuentes fertilizantes en la etapa de crecimiento vegetativo del café. Revista Cenicafé. 63(1): 132-143.
González, H.; Sadeghian, S.; Medina, R.; Castro, A. (2015). Alternativas para disminuir la volatilización de nitrógeno producida por la fertilización con urea. Revista Cenicafé. 66(1): 7-16.
González-Osorio, H.; Sadeghian, S. (2020). Producción de café en respuesta al fraccionamiento de la fertilización. Revista Cenicafé. 71(1): 54-67. doi: https://doi.org/10.38141/10778/1120
Graham, R. D. (1984). Breeding for nutritional characteristics in cereals. In: Tinker, P. B.; Lauchi, A. (eds.) Advances in plant nutrition. pp. 57–102. Volume three. New York, USA: Praeger. 320p.
Guimarães, P. T.; Garcia, A.; Alvarez, V. H.; Prezotti, L. C.; Viana, A.; Miguel, A.; Malavolta, E.; Corrêa, J. C.; Lopes, A.; Nogueira, F.; Monteiro, A.; Oliveira, J. (1999). Cafeeiro. In: Ribeiro, A.; Guimarães, P. T.; Alvarez. V. H. (eds.). Recomendações para o uso de corretivos e fertilizantes em Minas Gerais. pp. 289-302. Vicosa, Brazil: Comissão de Fertilidade do Solo do Estado de Minas Gerais. 359p.
Havlin, J. L.; Tisdale, S. L.; Nelson, W. L.; Beaton, J. D. (2017). Soil fertility and fertilizers: an introduction to nutrient management. Eighth edition. New Delhi, India: Pearson India. 520p.
Hawkesford, M.; Horst, W.; Kichey, T.; Lambers, S.; Schjoerring, J.; Møller, I.; White, P. (2012). Function of macronutrients. In: Marschner, P. (ed.). Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants. pp. 135-189. Third edition. Oxford, UK: Academic Press. 651p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00006-6
Hergoualc’h, K.; Skiba, U.; Harmand, J. M.; Oliver, R. (2007). Processes responsible for the nitrous oxide emission from a Costa Rican Andosol under a coffee agroforestry plantation. Biology and Fertility of Soils. 43(6): 787-795. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00374-007-0168-z
Hergoualc’h, K.; Blanchart, E.; Skiba, U.; Catherine, H.; Harmand, J. M. (2012). Changes in carbon stock and greenhouse gas balance in a coffee (Coffea Arabica L) monoculture versus an agroforestry system with Inga densiflora, in Costa Rica. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 148: 102-110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.11.018
Hincapié, É.; Henao, M. C. (2008). Efecto de la fertilización del café sobre la composición de la fase líquida en suelos derivados de cenizas volcánicas. Fourteenth edition. Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia: Sociedad Colombiana de la Ciencia del Suelo.
Hincapié, É.; Salazar, L. F. (2011). Impacto de la erosión sobre las propiedades físicas y químicas del suelo y la producción de café. Revista Cenicafé. 62(2): 79-89.
International Coffee Organization. (2021). Datos históricos de producción total. Recovered from https://www.ico.org/es/new_historical_c.asp
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2001). Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. 881p.
Jaramillo, Á. (2018). El clima de la caficultura en Colombia. Manizales, Colombia: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café. 206p.
Lal, R. (2020). Soil erosion and gaseous emissions. Applied Sciences. 10(8): 2784. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/app10082784
Lammel, D. R.; Azevedo, L. C.; Paula, A. M.; Armas, R. D.; Baretta, D.; Cardoso, E. J. (2015). Microbiological and faunal soil attributes of coffee cultivation under different management systems in Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 75(4): 894-905. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.02414
Lassaletta, L.; Billen, G.; Grizzetti, B.; Anglade, J.; Garnier, J. (2014). 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland. Environmental Research Letters. 9(10): 105011. doi: Recovered from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01194829
Leal, L. A.; Salamanca-Jiménez, A.; Sadeghian, S. (2007). Pérdidas de nitrógeno por volatilización en cafetales en etapa productiva. Revista Cenicafé. 58(3): 216-226.
Li, H.; Bin, H.; Chu, C. (2017). Nitrogen use efficiency in crops: lessons from Arabidopsis and rice. Journal of Experimental Botany. 68(10): 2477-2488. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx101
López, J. C. (2009). Estudio de la eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno por el café. Revista Cenicafé. 60(4): 324-350.
Machado, L.; Martins, L.; Rodrigues, W.; Ferreira, D.; Côgo, A.; Tomaz, M. A.; Amaral, J. F. (2016). Efficiency and response of conilon coffee genotypes to nitrogen supply. African Journal of Biotechnology. 15(35): 1892-1898. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2016.15558
Malavolta, E. (1993). Nutrição mineral e adubação do cafeeiro. São Paulo, Brazil: Agronômica Ceres. 210p.
Malavolta, E.; Favarin, J. L.; Malavolta, M.; Cabral, C.; Heinrichs, R.; Silveira, J. S. (2002). Repartição de nutrientes nos ramos, folhas e flores do cafeeiro. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 37(7): 1017-1022. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2002000700016
Mandal, V. K.; Sharma, N.; Raghuram, N. (2018). Molecular targets for improvement of crop nitrogen use efficiency: current and emerging options. In: Shrawat, A.; Zayed, A.; Lightfoot, D. A. (eds.). Engineering nitrogen utilization in crop plants. pp. 77-93. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92958-3_5
Martinez, H. E.; Souza, B.; Caixeta, E.; Carvalho, F.; Clemente, J. (2020). Water deficit changes nitrate uptake and expression of some nitrogen related genes in coffee-plants (Coffea arabica L.). Scientia Horticulturae. 267(1): 109254. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2020.109254
Martins, L.; Machado, L.; Tomaz, M. A.; Amaral, J. F. (2015). The nutritional efficiency of Coffea spp. A review. African Journal of Biotechnology. 14(9): 728-734. doi: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.14254
Masclaux-Daubresse, C.; Daniel-Vedele, F.; Dechorgnat, J.; Chardon, F.; Gaufichon, L.; Suzuki, A. (2010). Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Annals of Botany. 105(7): 1141-1157. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcq028
Mathur, M.; Goel, A. (2017). Quantitative attributes of nutrient uptake and use efficiency. In: Naeem, M.; Ansari, A. A.; Gill, S. S. (eds.). Essential plant nutrients: uptake, use efficiency, and management. pp. 81-118. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 569p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58841-4
Moll, R. H.; Kamprath, E. J.; Jackson, A. (1982). Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal. 74(3): 562-564. doi: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1982.00021962007400030037x
Montenegro, J. (2020). Efecto de diferentes fuentes de nitrógeno en la emisión de óxido nitroso en plantaciones de café en Costa Rica. Revista de Ciencias Ambientales. 54(2): 111-130. doi: https://doi.org/10.15359/rca.54-2.6
Montenegro-Ballestero, J. (2019). Respuesta polinómica de la emisión de óxido nitroso en plantaciones de café en Costa Rica. Revista de Ciencias Ambientales. 53(2): 1-24. doi: https://doi.org/10.15359/rca.53-2.1
Moody, L.; Bruulsema, T. (2020). From Nutrient Use to Nutrient Stewardship: An Evolution in Sustainable Plant Nutrition. In: Delgado J. A.; Gantzer C. J.; Sassenrath G. F. (eds.). Soil and water conservation. A Celebration of 75 Years. pp. 197-202. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society. 332p.
Netto, A.; Campostrini, E.; Oliveira, J.; Bressan-Smith, R. E. (2005). Photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen, chlorophyll a fluorescence and SPAD-502 readings in coffee leaves. Scientia Horticulturae. 104(2): 199 - 209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2004.08.013
Ochoa, W.A.; Suarez V. S.; Sadeghian K. S. (2003). Variabilidad espacial del Nitrógeno disponible en andisoles de la zona cafetera colombiana. Revista Cenicafé. 54(2):179-189.
Ortiz, G. D.; Neegaard, A.; Vaast, P.; Suárez-Villanueva, V.; Oelofse, M.; Rosenstock, T. S. (2018). Multi-scale measurements show limited soil greenhouse gas emissions in Kenyan smallholder coffee-dairy systems. Science of the Total Environment. 626(1): 328-339. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.247
Pilbeam, D. J. (2015). Nitrogen. In: Barker, A. V.; Pilbeam, D. J. (eds.). Handbook of plant nutrition. pp. 17-63. 2 Ed. Boca Ratón, Florida: CRC press. 773p.
Prezotti, L. C.; Bragança, S. M. (2013). Acúmulo de massa seca, N, P, e K em diferentes materiais genéticos de café conilon. Coffee Science. 8(3): 284-294.
Prezotti, L. C.; Novais, R.; Alvarez, V. H.; Cantarutti, R. B.; Barros, N. F. (2000). Adubação de formação e manutenção de cafezais (sistema para recomendação de fertilizantes e corretivos de solo para a cultura do café arabica). In: Zambolim, L. (ed.). Café: Produtividade, qualidade e sustentabilidade. pp. 125-147. Viçosa, Brazil: Universidade Federal de Viçosa. 395p.
Raij, B. (2011). Fertilidade do solo e manejo de nutrientes. Piracicaba: International Plant Nutrition Institute. 420p.
Raij, B.; Cantarella, H.; Quaggio, J. A.; Furlani, Â. M. (1996). Boletim Técnico N° 100: recomendações de adubação e calagem para o estado de São Paulo. Second edition. Campinas, Brazil: Instituto Agronômico-FUNDAG. 285p.
Reis, A.; Favarin, J. L.; Malavolta, E.; Júnior, J. L.; Moraes, M. (2009). Photosynthesis, chlorophylls, and SPAD readings in coffee leaves in relation to nitrogen supply. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 40(9-10): 1512-1528. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620902820373
Rendón, J. R.; Sadeghian, S. (2018). Aplicación de índices espectrales para identificar necesidades de fertilización nitrogenada en café. Revista Cenicafé. 69(1): 7-15.
Rose, T. J.; Kearney, L. J.; Morris, S.; Zwieten, L. V.; Erler, D. V. (2019). Pinto peanut cover crop nitrogen contributions and potential to mitigate nitrous oxide emissions in subtropical coffee plantations. Science of the total Environment. 656: 108-117. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.291
Rosenstock, T. S.; Tully, K. L.; Arias-Navarro, C.; Neufeldt, H.; Butterbach-Bahl, K.; Verchot, L. V. (2014). Agroforestry with N2-fixing trees: sustainable development's friend or foe?. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 6: 15-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.001
Roskoski, J. P. (1982) Nitrogen fixation in a Mexican coffee plantation. Plant and Soil. 67: 283-291. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182775
Sadeghian, S. (2008). Fertilidad del suelo y nutrición del café en Colombia: guía práctica. Boletín Técnico Cenicafé. 32: 1-43.
Sadeghian, S. (2009). Calibración de análisis de suelo para N P K y Mg en cafetales al sol y bajo semisombra. Revista Cenicafé. 60(1): 7-24.
Sadeghian, S. (2010). Evaluación de la fertilidad del suelo para una adecuada nutrición de los cultivos. Caso café. Suelos Ecuatoriales. 41(1): 46-64.
Sadeghian, S. (2011). Respuesta de cafetales al sol y bajo semisombra a nitrógeno y su relación con la materia orgánica del suelo. Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín. 64(1): 5781-5791.
Sadeghian, S. (2013). Nutrición de cafetales. In: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café (eds.). Manual del cafetero colombiano: investigación y tecnología para la sostenibilidad de la caficultura. pp. 85-116. Volume 2. Manizales. Colombia: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones de Café. 352p.
Sadeghian, S. (2014). Manejo integrado de nutrientes para una caficultura sostenible. Suelos Ecuatoriales. 44(2): 74-89.
Sadeghian, S.; González, H.; Arias, E. (2015). Lixiviación de nutrientes en suelos de la zona cafetera: Prácticas que ayudan a reducirla. Boletín Técnico Cenicafé. 40: 1-34.
Sadeghian, S.; Jaramillo, Á. (2016), Nutrición de los cafetales en Colombia, en escenarios de La Niña. Avances Técnicos Cenicafé. 473: 1-12.
Sadeghian, S.; Jaramillo, Á.; Duque, H. (2017). Nutrición de los cafetales en Colombia en escenarios El Niño. Avances Técnicos Cenicafé. 477: 1-12.
Sadeghian, S.; Duque, H. (2019). Fertilizantes minerales para café en Colombia: consideraciones técnicas. Avances Técnicos Cenicafé. 503: 1-8. doi: https://doi.org/10.38141/10779/0503
Sadeghian, S.; Díaz-Marín, C. (2020). Corrección de la acidez del suelo: alteraciones químicas del suelo. Revista Cenicafé. 71(1): 7-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.38141/10778/1116
Sadeghian, S. (2022). Nutrición del café. Consideraciones para el manejo de la fertilidad del suelo. Bogota: Cenicafé. https://doi.org/10.38141/cenbook-0017
Sanzonowicz, C.; Sampaio, J. B.; Nazareno, R. (2000). Efeito de dose e parcelamento do nitrogênio na flutuação bienal da produção do cafeeiro no cerrado. Recovered from http://www.sbicafe.ufv.br/handle/123456789/756
Sarkar, D.; Baishya, L. K. (2017). Nutrient use efficiency. In: Naeem, M.; Ansari, A. A.; Gill, S. S. (eds.). Essential plant nutrients: uptake, use efficiency, and management. pp. 119-146. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 569p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58841-4
Sinha, V.; Jangam, A.; Raghuram, N. (2020). Biological determinants of crop nitrogen use efficiency and biotechnological avenues for improvement. In: Sutton, M. A.; Mason, K. E.; Bleeker, A.; Hicks, W. K.; Masso, C.; Raghuram, N.; Reis, S.; Bekunda, M. (eds.). Just Enough Nitrogen: perspectives on how to get there for regions with too much and too little nitrogen. pp. 157-171. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. 608p. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58065-0
Snoeck, D.; Zapata, F.; Domenach, A. M. (2000). Isotopic evidence of the transfer of nitrogen fixed by legumes to coffee trees. Biotechnology, Agronomy, Society and Environment. 4(2): 95-100.
Sobreira, F.; Guimarães, R. J.; Colombo, A.; Scalco, M. S.; Carvalho, J. (2011). Adubação nitrogenada e potássica de cafeeiro fertirrigado na fase de formação, em plantio adensado. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira. 46(1): 9-16. doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2011000100002
Soil Science Society of America. (2008). Glossary of soil science terms 2008. Madison, USA: Soil Science Society of America. 84p. doi: https://doi.org/10.2136/2008.glossarysoilscienceterms
Taiz, L.; Zeiger, E.; Møller, I. M.; Murphy, A. (2021). Fundamentos de Fisiologia Vegetal. 6 ed. Porto Alegre, Brasil: Artmed Editora. 584p.
Tully, K. L.; Lawrence, D.; Scanlon, T. M. (2012). More trees less loss: Nitrogen leaching losses decrease with increasing biomass in coffee agroforests. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 161: 137-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.08.002
Weil, R. R.; Brady, N. C. (2017). The nature and properties of soils. Fifteenth global edition. Harlow, England: Pearson. 1104p.
World Meteorological Organization. (2019). WMO greenhouse gas bulletin #15: the state of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere based on global observations through 2018. Recovered from https://reliefweb.int/report/world/wmo-greenhouse-gas-bulletin-state-greenhouse-gases-atmosphere-based-global-0
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
