Factors affecting the abundance of cocoa-pollinating midges in agroforestry systems
Keywords:
Pollinating, Ceratopogonidae, litter, vegetation, landscape.Abstract
This research was carried out in 36 farms of Central American Cocoa Project located in cocoa agroforestry systems in Talamanca (Costa Rica). The purpose was to determine the abundance of cocoa pollinators and to find the associated factors with vegetation, landscape and natural enemies affecting those populations. Samples of litter in the cacao crops were put in boxes traps; immature stages of flies were grown and carry into solution of sucrose 20%. Insects collected in alcohol 70% were taken to laboratory where the abundance was determined; were identified the flies of the genera Atrichopogon, Dasihelea and Forcipomyia (Ceratopogonidae). Higher averages of the percentage of pollinators in opposition to the diptera for communities (7.8%) than for forests (5.6%). It was found direct positive relationships and influences between pollinators and the moisture content of litter, dry weight of cocoa, Musa sp, Erithryna sp and the 3 unidentified specie, trees abundance of Eugenia stipitata and Bactris gasipaes. Negative relationships were found with abundance of Inga sp, Rollinia mucosa, Coffea arabiga, Iriartea deltoidea and Persea Americana, slope of the terrain and the altitude. The principal component analysis allowed to obtain six major components wich explain 54.2% of the variability. The abundance of pollinators was highly correlated with the components 1 and 4 showing a high incidence in 21.7% of the variability. It was formed groups of plots and was found that the third group (consists of Amubri's plots) presented the best conditions for pollinators, because it had higher averages for these variables.
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