Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) seedlings growth in different pot sizes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22267/rcia.173402.73Keywords:
Fruit, substrate volume, biomass, temperature, penetration resistance.Abstract
Pot volume is a key factor for the propagation of cacao, since the pot size influences growth and development of seedlings which are crucial factors for crop establishment. In this work, the effect of different pot sizes 0.01; 0.02 y 0.1m3 (substrate volume) and nursery duration on cocoa growth were compared, and changes in the substrate-confined were also evaluated. Seeds of cocoa were sowed in different pot sizes: 25, 45 and 70cm. Leaf temperatures was measured and seedlings were collected to quantify partitioned biomass and taproot growth. Penetration resistance, temperature, humidity and porosity of the substrate were evaluated at the same time. The results evidenced significant differences (P <0.05) in total phytomass storage. In the larger containers (0.1m3) there was higher total biomass, longer root length, 62.17cm and the substrate had lower resistance to penetration (0.52Kg cm-2) and temperature. Leaf temperature was directly related to the soil temperature and inversely related to the soil moisture. It was verified that the size of the container affects the physical characteristics of substrate and the plant growth, which suggests that with 0.02m3 pot (of 45cm height) the plants can last more than 180 days at the nursery.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Alvarenga, R.; Cruz, J. 2003. Manejo de solos e agricultura irrigada. pp. 70-106. In: Resende, M., P. Alburquerque y L. Couto. A cultura do milho irrigado. Embrapa Informação Tecnológica. Brasilia, Brasil.
Amorim, S.; Valle. R. 1992. Efeito da temperatura radicular na resistência ao movimiento de água no cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.). Acta Botanica Brasilera. 6(1):55 - 64. doi:10.1590/S0102-33061992000100004.
Arocena, J.M. 2000. Cations in solution from forest soils subjected to forest floor removal and compaction treatments. Forest Ecology y Managament 133:71 - 80. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00299-6
Arizaleta, M.; Pire, R. 2008. Respuesta de plántulas de cafeto al tamaño de la bolsa y fertilización con nitrógeno y fósforo en vivero. Agrociencia 42:47 - 55. doi: 10.1097/00010694-197508000-00015.
Bengough, A. G.; Campbell, D.; O’ Sullivan, M. 2001. Penetrometer techniques in relation to soil compaction y root growth. pp. 377 - 403. En: Smith, K. A.; Mullins, C. E. Soil y environmental analysis: physical methods. Second edition. Edinburgh: Marcel Dekker.
Bengough A.G.; Mckenzie, B.M.; Hallett P.D.; Valentine, T.A. 2011. Root elongation, water stress, and mechanical impedance: a review of limiting stresses and beneficial root tip traits. Journal of Experimental Botany. 62(1):59 - 68. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq350
Cairns, M.; Brown, S.; Helmer, E.; Baumgardner, G. 1997. Root biomass allocation in the world’s upland forests. Oecologia. 111(1):1 - 11. doi: 10.1007/S004420050201.
Daymond, A.; Hadley, P. 2004. The effects of temperature and light integral on early vegetative growth y chlorophyll fluorescence of four contrasting genotypes of cacao (Theobroma cacao). Annals of Applied Biology. 145:257 - 262. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2004.tb00381.x
Domzal, H.; Glinski, J.; Lipiec, I.1991. Soil compaction research in Poly. pp. 99 - 109. En: Van Ouwerkerk, C. (Ed.), Soil Compaction and Plant Productivity. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlys.
Fageria, N.; Baligar, V.; Wright, R.J. 1997. Soil environment and root growth dynamics of field crops. Recent. Res. Devel. Agron. 1:15 - 28.
Freddi, O., Morel, P.; Valdenir-Veronesi, J.;.Carvalho, G.J. 2006. Produtividade do milho relacionada com a resistência mecânica à penetração do solo sob preparo convencional. Engenharia Agrícola. Jaboticabal. 26(1):113 - 121. doi: 10.1590/S0100-69162006000100013.
Frimpong, E.; Adu-Ampomah, Y.; Karimu, A. 1996. Efforts to breed for drought resistant cacao in Ghana. pp. 24 - 25. Proceedings of the 12th International Cacao Research Conference, Bahía, Brasil.
Gaitan, J.; Penón, E.; Costa, M. 2005. Distribución de raíces finas de eucalyptus globulus ssp. Maidenii y su relación con algunas propiedades del suelo. Ciência Florestal, Santa Maria, 15(1):33 - 41. doi: 10.5902/198050981822.
Grohmann. F. y J.P. Queiroz. 1996. Efeito da compactação artificial de dois solos limoargiloso sobre a penetração de raízes de arroz. Bragantia, Campinas. 25(39):421 - 31.
Gonzáles-Huiman, F. 2008. Ecofisiologia del Cacao. Tingo Maria - Peru: Diplomado u.n.a.s. In: http://diplomado2007unas.blogspot.com.co/2008/01/ecofisiologia-del-cacao.html; consulted: march, 2016.
Guidi, G.; Poggio G.; Petruzzell. G. 1985. The porosity of soil aggregates from bulk soil and from soil adhering to roots. Plant y Soil. 87:311 - 314.
Gutiérrez, M.; Gómez, R.; Rodríguez, N.F. 2011. Comportamiento del crecimiento de plántulas de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), en vivero, sembradas en diferentes volúmenes de sustrato. Corpoica Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria. 12(1):33 - 42.
Haolin, G.; Wang, Y.; Wang, F.; Jia. B. 2008. Dynamics of root-shoot ratio and environmental effective factors of recovering Leymus chinensis steppe vegetation in Inner Mongolia, China. Acta Ecológica Sínica. 28(10):4629 - 4634.
Henríquez, C.; Cabalceta. G. 1999. Guía práctica para el estudio introductorio de los suelos con un enfoque Agrícola. ACCS. primera edición. San José, Costa Rica. 111p.
Kobe, R.K.; Iyer, M.; Walters, M.B. 2010. Optimal partitioning theory revisited: Nonstructural carbohydrates dominate root mass responses to nitrogen. Ecology. 91:166 - 179.
Klutte, A. 1982. Retention laboratory methods. Physical and mineralogical methods. Second edition by klutte. 235 - 240p.
Lachenaud, P.; Paulin, D.; Ducamp, M.; Thevenin. J. 2007. Twenty years of agronomic evaluation of wild cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) from French Guiana. Scientia Horticulturae. 113(4):313 - 321.
Lipiec, J.; Stepniewski. W.1995. Effects of soil compaction and tillage systems on uptake and losses of nutrients. Soil Tillage Research. 35:37 - 52. doi:10.1016/0167-1987(95)00474-7.
Mccarthy, M.; Enquist. B. 2007. Consistency between an allometric approach and optimal partitioning theory in global patterns of plant biomass allocation. Funct. Ecol. 21:713 - 720.
Mapfumo, E., D.S. Chanasyk. M.A. Naeth Y V.S. Baron. 1998. Forage growth and yield components as influenced by subsurface compaction. Agronomy Journal. 90:805 - 812. doi:10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000060015x.
Mokany, K.; Raison, J.;Prokushkin. A. 2005. Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology. 11:1 - 3. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x.
Mokany, K.; Raison, R.;Prokushkin. A. 2006. Critical analysis of root: shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes. Global Change Biology. 12:84 - 96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001043.x.
Motamayor, J.; Lachenaud, P.; Da Silva E Mota, J.; Loor, R.; Kuhn, D.N. J.; Brown, S.; Schnel, R. 2008. Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L). 3(10):1 - 8. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003311.
Ouma G. 2007. Effect of different container sizes and irrigation frequency on the morphological and physiological characteristics of mango (Mangifera indica) rootstock seedlings. International Journal of Botany. 3:260 - 268. doi: 10.3923/ijb.2007.260.268.
Porta, C.J.; López-Acevedo, R.M.; Roquero, D.C. 2003. Edafología para la agricultura y el medio ambiente. Ediciones Mundi Prensa. España. Tercera edición. 929p.
Pritchett, W.L. 1986. Los suelos forestales: propiedades, conservación y mejoramiento. Noriega, Editorial Limusa, 643 p.
Ramírez, R.; Salazar, C. 2006. Cambios de la resistencia a la penetración con diferentes sistemas de manejo y su relación con algunas propiedades físicas en un Yisol del municipio de - Marinilla (Antioquia). P. XX En: XIII Congreso Colombiano de la ciencia del suelo. 4-6 de octubre. Bogotá, Colombia. Sociedad colombiana de la Ciencia del Suelo.
Ramírez, R. 2008. Cambios en los macroagregados por prácticas agrícolas y procesos de recuperación en un Andisol, en la Vereda Montañitas, Municipio De Marinilla, Oriente Antioqueno Colombiano. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Palmira, Colombia. 167p.
Ramírez, R. 2016. Fertilidad integral del suelo. pp. 41 - 56. En: Actualización en fertilidad del suelo. Armando Torrente editor. Grafiweb impresores publicistas. Bogotá Colombia. 233p.
Ribeiro Jr., P. 1995. Métodos geoestatísticos no estudo da variabilidade espacial de parâmetros do solo. Piracicaba: ESALQ. 99p.
Sena-Gomes, A. R. Y T.T. Kozlowsky. 1987. Effects of temperature on growth and water relations of cacao (Theobroma cacao var. Comum) seedlings. Plant and Soil 103:3 - 11. doi: 10.1007/BF02370661.
Stirzaker, R.; Passioura, J.; Wilms. Y. 1996. Soil structure and plant growth: impact of bulk density and biopores. Plant and Soil, Dordrecht. 185(1):151 - 162. doi: 10.1007/BF02257571.
Taylor H.M. 1980. Mechanical impedance to root growth. pp 389 - 404. En: Soil Related Constraints to Food Production in the Tropics. The International Rice Research Institute And The New York State College Of Agriculture And Life Sciences, Cornell University In Cooperation With The University Consortium Of Soils For The Tropics. 478p
Zanette. S.; Sampaio, C.; Silvestre, M.; Boas, M.; M. Uribe-Opazo M. Queiroz. 2007. Análise espacial da umidade do solo cultivado com soja sob dois sistemas de manejo. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental. 11(3):239 - 247. doi: 10.1590/S1415-43662007000300001.
