Genotoxicidad de los contaminantes prioritarios en el aire de Villa del Rosario - Norte de Santander, Colombia
Palabras clave:
Genotoxicidad, PM2.5, Cromatografía de gases, Contaminantes del aire, Ensayo cometa, ColombiaResumen
Resumen
Introducción: Las partículas en suspensión PM2.5 son capaces de penetrar profundamente en el pulmón y se componen de mezclas químicas complejas, incluyendo mutágenos y carcinógenos como los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs); la inhalación de altas concentraciones de partículas en suspensión (PM2.5) causa enfermedades respiratorias, cardíacas y pulmonares. Objetivo: Identificar los contaminantes prioritarios y estudiar mediante el ensayo cometa, la actividad genotóxica del material particulado fracción respirable PM2.5 del aire del municipio de Villa del Rosario-Norte de Santander. Materiales y métodos: Las muestras del aire (PM2.5) de Villa del Rosario, fueron recolectadas con un muestreador Partisol 2025 plus utilizando filtros pallflex mediante muestreos por 24 horas con una frecuencia de tres días. La materia orgánica de los filtros de PM2.5 fue extraída por ultrasonido con diclorometano obteniéndose el extracto global. Este se separó en tres fracciones por cromatografía en columna de gel (CPG) de sílice utilizando n -hexano, n-hexano-diclorometano y diclorometano, como los eluyentes correspondientes. Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs) de cada fracción se determinaron por cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización en llama (FID). Resultados: Por primera vez se reporta actividad genotóxica evaluada con el ensayo cometa, asociada con el PM2.5 del aire del municipio de Villa del Rosario y se identifican los contaminantes prioritarios extraídos con diclorometano, presentes en la materia orgánica de una vía vehicular en Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander. Conclusión: Los contaminantes prioritarios encontrados en el aire de Villa del Rosario son: Benzo(a) pireno, Naftaleno, Benzo(a) antraceno, Criseno, Benzo(b)fluoranteno, Benzo(k)fluoranteno y Dibenzo(a,h) antraceno, contaminantes altamente peligrosos por presentar actividad mutagénica y genotóxica.
Abstract
Introduction: The suspended particles PM2.5 are able to penetrate deep into the lung and consist of complex chemical mixtures, including mutagens and carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The inhalation of high concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5) causes respiratory, heart and lung diseases. Objective: To identify priority pollutants and study the genotoxic activity of breathable particulate matter PM2.5 air by the comet assay in the municipality of Villa del Rosario-Norte de Santander. Materials and methods: The air samples (PM2.5) of Villa del Rosario were collected with 2025 Partisol plus sampler by using filters pallflex through sampling for 24 hours with a frequency of three days. The organic matter of the PM2.5 filters was extracted by ultrasound with dichloromethane to obtain the overall extract. This was separated into three fractions by gel column chromatography (GPC) of silica using n-hexane, n-hexane-dichloromethane and dichloromethane as the corresponding eluents. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of each fraction were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (FID). Results: For the first time genotoxic activity assessed by the comet assay is reported, associated with the PM2.5 air in the municipality of Villa del Rosario and the priority pollutants extracted with dichloromethane were identified, which were present in the organic matter in a vehicular route in Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander. Conclusion: The priority pollutants found in the air of Villa del Rosario are: Benzo (a) pyrene, Naphthalene, Benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene Benzo (b) fluoranthene, benzo (k) fluoranthene and dibenzo (a, h) anthracene, which are highly hazardous pollutants to present mutagenic and genotoxic activity.
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