COVID-19 y la pandemia global causada por un nuevo coronavirus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22267/rus.202203.203Palabras clave:
Betacoronavirus, Infecciones por coronavirus, Glicoproteína de espiga del coronavirus, Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave, InflamaciónResumen
Introducción: COVID-19 es una enfermedad respiratoria inédita que se reportó inicialmente como una neumonía atípica en diciembre de 2019. SARS-CoV-2, agente etiológico de esta patología, probablemente originado a partir de un virus de murciélago. La inesperada capacidad de transmisión y patogenicidad que adquirió este coronavirus transformó a COVID-19 en una pandemia de sintomatología variada y compleja. Objetivo: Analizar aspectos evolutivos, moleculares, biológicos, inmunológicos y epidemiológicos de esta enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de literatura científica publicada en Pubmed, sobre estos aspectos desde enero 2020. Resultados: SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo coronavirus que utiliza su proteína superficial S para infectar células humanas que exhiben el receptor ACE2. Este patógeno se transmite por secreciones respiratorias e induce un incremento nocivo de mediadores químicos proinflamatorios en individuos vulnerables, reacción inmune conocida como tormenta de citoquinas. Esta respuesta hiper-inflamatoria es la causante de las lesiones alveolares que desencadenan la insuficiencia respiratoria observada en casos severos de COVID-19. Conclusiones: En individuos susceptibles, SARS-CoV-2 puede desencadenar una disfunción pulmonar que requiere soporte ventilatorio asistido y tratamiento con inmunosupresores. Se están desarrollando nuevas estrategias terapéuticas y de prevención para disminuir los elevados índices de contagio y la mortalidad asociados con COVID-19.
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