Acces and quality of water for human consumption in Santa Marta as an indicator of inequity in healht
Keywords:
Drinking water, Water quality, Health inequalities, ColiformsAbstract
Objective: To determine the access and quality of water for human consumption in the urban area of Santa Marta as one of Social Determinants of Health that must be transformed in the framework of the Millennium Development Goals by 2015. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1557 selected houses by cluster samplings, which were surveyed of household access to safe water. A water sample was taken from each district of Santa Marta in order to evaluate its quality of it through the membrane filtration technique and defined substrate. Epi Info 7 was used to analyze the data through association with Odds Ratio and to georeference them. Results: 94.7% of houses have home water service but 49.7% showed frequent service cuts. The relationship between household water access and socioeconomic stratum (OR = 4.27), and between service cuts and socioeconomic stratum (OR = 2.61) were significant (p <0.0001). Four of the nine samples were contaminated with coliform. Conclusion: Decision makers must ensure quality and permanent access to safe water for human consumption to all people, so that there is an advance in reducing the health inequality gaps.
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Referencias
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25. Domínguez A. Procesos recientes del acceso al agua potable en el México urbano: el caso de la Zona Conurbada de Mérida, Yucatán. Investigaciones Geográficas UNAM. Boletín del Instituto de Geografía 2009; (69): 68-84.ISSN 0188-4611.
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27. Freitas M, Brilhante O, Almeida L. Importância da análise de água para a saúde pública em duas
regiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: enfoque para coliformes fecais, nitrato e alumínio. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2001;17(3):651-660.
28. Bain R, Gundry S, Wright JA, Yang H, Pedley S, Bartram J. Accounting for Water Quality in Monitoring Access to Safe Drinking-Water as Part of the Millennium Development Goals: Lessons from Five Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2012;90(3):228–235. doi:10.2471/BLT.00.000000.
1. Arnal JM, Garcia-Fayos B, Verdu G, Lora J. Ultrafiltration as an alternative membrane technology to obtain safe drinking water from surface water: 10 years of experience on the scope of the AQUAPOT Project. Desalination 2009;248(1-3):34–41.
2. Organizacion Mundial de la Salud. Drinkingwater quality. [Internet]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/en/
3. Khan S, Shahnaz M, Jehan N, Rehman S, Shah MT, Din I. Drinking water quality and human health
risk in Charsadda district, Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production [Internet]. 2013 Dic; 60:93-101. Disponible en: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.02.016
4. World Health Organization –WHO, Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia-UNICEF. Progress on sanitation and drinkingwater 2010 update. Ginebra: OMS; 2010.Disponible en: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241563956_eng_full_text.pdf
5. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Tema de salud, ODM 7, garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio.
Ginebra. Disponible: http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/mdg7/es/index.html
6. Prüss-Üstün A, Bos R, Gore F, Bartram J. Safer water, better health: Costs, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2008. ISBN 978-92-4-159643-5 Disponible en: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596435_eng.pdf
7. United Nations. The millennium development goals: A Latin American and Caribbean perspective. Santiago de Chile. 2005.
8. Abu Amr SS, Yassin MM. Microbial contamination of the drinking water distribution system
and its impact on human health in Khan Yunis Governorate, Gaza Strip: Seven years of monitoring (2000-2006). Public Health. 2008;122(11):1275-1283.
9. Mwabi JK, Adeyemo FE, Mahlangu TO, Mamba BB, Brouckaert BM, Swartz CD, y cols. Household water treatment systems: A solution to the production of safe drinking water by the lowincome
communities of Southern Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth. 2011;36(14):1120–1128.
10. Wescoat J, Headington L, Theobald R. Water and poverty in the United States. Geoforum. 2007;38(5):801–814.
11. Makoya N, Kane A, Noel J, Turmined V, Nedeffe V, Lazare G. Water–poverty relationships in the
coastal town of Mbour (Senegal): Relevance of GIS for decision support. International Journal of
Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 2012;14(1):33–39.
12. Sullivan C. Calculating a Water Poverty Index. World Development. 2002;30(7):1195–1210.
13. Semba R, De Peeb S, Kraemerc K, Suna K, Thorne A, Moench R, et al. Purchase of drinking water is
associated with increased child morbidity and mortality among urban slum-dwelling families in Indonesia. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 2009;212(4):387–397.
14. Guerrero M, Hernández Y, Rada M, Aranda Á, Hernández M. Parasitosis intestinal y alternativas de disposición de excreta en municipios de alta marginalidad. Rev Cubana Salud Pública [Internet]. 2008; 34(2): [aprox 1 p ]. Disponible en: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662008000200009&lng=es.
15. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Encuestas. Estadísticas sociales: Pobreza y
desigualdad y Necesidades Básica Insatisfechas.(Sitio en Internet). Disponible en: http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-sociales/pobreza.
16. PNUD. Santa Marta 2012. Estado de avance de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Alcaldía
de Santa Marta ISA. 2012.
Disponible en: http://www.pnud.org.co/2012/odm2012/odm_santamarta.pdf.
Consultado en enero de 2013
17. Colombia. Corte Constitucional de Colombia. Sentencia T-740/11. Derecho fundamental al agua-concepto y fundamento. Relatoría. Disponible en: http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/
18. DANE. Censo general 2005. Perfil Santa Marta-Magdalena. Boletín. Disponible en: http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/PERFIL_PDF_CG2005/47001T7T000.PDF
19. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Programa de vigilancia por laboratorio de la calidad de agua para
consumo humano. Manual de instrucciones para la toma, preservación y transporte de muestras
de agua de consumo humano para análisis de laboratorio. Bogotá (Colombia): Instituto; 2011.
Disponible en: http://www.ins.gov.co/sivicap/Documentacion/Manual%20intrucciones%20toma,%20preservaci%C3%B3n%20y%20transporte%20de%20muestras%20agua.pdf
20. Colombia. Ministerio de la Protección Social, Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Resolución Número 2115. 22 Junio 2007. Santa Fe de Bogotá: Ministerios; 2007.
Disponible en: http://www.minambiente.gov.co/documentos/res_2115_220707.pdf
21. WHO. UN-water global annual assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2012 report:
the challenge of extending and sustaining services. World Health Organization. Geneva. 2012 Diponible
en: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/pdf/glaas_report_2012_eng.pdf
22. Soares L, Griesinger M, Dachs J. Norberto W., Bittner M, Tavares S. Inequities in access to
and use of drinking water services in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2002;11(5-6):386-396.
23. Pavitra M. Inequities in Coverage of Preventive Child Health Interventions: The Rural Drinking Water Supply Program and the Universal Immunization Program in Rajasthan, India. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95(2):241-244.
24. Briñez A, Guarnizo G, Arias V. Samuel A. Calidad del agua para consumo humano en el departamento del Tolima. Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública 2012; 30(2):175-182.
25. Domínguez A. Procesos recientes del acceso al agua potable en el México urbano: el caso de la Zona Conurbada de Mérida, Yucatán. Investigaciones Geográficas UNAM. Boletín del Instituto de Geografía 2009; (69): 68-84.ISSN 0188-4611.
26. Olaoye O. Onilude A. Assessment of microbiological quality of sachet-packaged drinking water in Western Nigeria and its public health significance. Public Health. 2009; 123(11):729–734.
27. Freitas M, Brilhante O, Almeida L. Importância da análise de água para a saúde pública em duas
regiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: enfoque para coliformes fecais, nitrato e alumínio. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2001;17(3):651-660.
28. Bain R, Gundry S, Wright JA, Yang H, Pedley S, Bartram J. Accounting for Water Quality in Monitoring Access to Safe Drinking-Water as Part of the Millennium Development Goals: Lessons from Five Countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2012;90(3):228–235. doi:10.2471/BLT.00.000000.
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2013-11-05
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Álvarez Miño L, Cantillo Matos K, Rico Gutiérrez K, Salazar A. Acces and quality of water for human consumption in Santa Marta as an indicator of inequity in healht . Univ. Salud [Internet]. 2013Nov.5 [cited 2024Nov.22];15(2):113-22. Available from: https://revistas.udenar.edu.co/index.php/usalud/article/view/2354
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